What formation is useful for searching an area for small contacts, providing maximum firepower forward and aft?

The formation that is useful for searching an area for small contacts while providing maximum firepower both forward and aft is the line abreast (or "on line") formation. In this configuration, vessels are arranged side by side, which allows for an extensive spread across the search area. This lateral disposition is particularly effective for scanning and detecting smaller targets or contacts, as it maximizes the area covered by each unit's sensor capabilities.

Additionally, line abreast ensures that firepower is directed both directly ahead and behind, as each unit can effectively engage threats from the front and the rear. This formation is beneficial in scenarios where situational awareness and the ability to respond to various angles of attack are paramount.

In contrast, formations like column would be more advantageous for speed and maneuverability but may limit engagement capabilities to one direction. Diamond formations focus firepower towards the center but can restrict the coverage and detection ability. Echelon right offers a similar problem of limited visibility and detection in one direction. Therefore, the line abreast formation stands out as the most effective for the specific requirements of searching small contacts while ensuring comprehensive firepower coverage.