What is the term for the process of searching, collecting, preparing, identifying, and presenting evidence?

The term that describes the process of searching, collecting, preparing, identifying, and presenting evidence is investigation. This process is fundamental in law enforcement and encompasses various activities aimed at uncovering facts and gathering evidence related to a particular incident or case. An investigation involves a systematic approach to understanding a situation, which includes interviewing witnesses, collecting physical evidence, and analyzing information in a structured manner.

While the other terms listed relate to aspects of law enforcement or legal proceedings, they do not encapsulate the entirety of the evidence handling process. Analysis typically pertains to examining data or evidence but does not include the initial gathering or preparation. Surveillance refers specifically to monitoring individuals or activities, often as part of an investigation, but does not entail the full spectrum of evidence management. Prosecution involves the legal process of presenting a case in court, which occurs after an investigation has been completed and does not include the evidence collection phase. Thus, investigation is the most comprehensive term to describe the process involved with evidence in criminal matters.